MIAKA HAMSINI YA UHURU: MISINGI MIKUU YA MTAZAMO WA MWALIMU JULIUS K. NYERERE KATIKA KUJENGA TAIFA

 

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UHURU SONG SPECIAL(BONGO FLAVOR)   

Tanzania Bara inatimiza miaka hamsini ikiwa huru na imetimiza
miaka 47 tangu iungane na Zanzibar na kuunda taifa moja na nchi
moja ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. Katika matukio hayo
mawili makubwa na muhimu katika uwepo wa Tanzania ya sasa
Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere amekuwa sehemu na kiongozi
wa kupatikana kwa yote hayo. Kwa hali hiyo haiyumkini
kuzungumzia taifa la Tanzania bila ya kumjadili Mwalimu Julius
Kambarage Nyerere.
Katika mada hii nimetakiwa kujadili misingi mikuu ya mtazamo wa
Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere muasisi wa Taifa huru la Tanzania Bara
na baadaye Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania katika ujenzi wa
taifa. Muasisi huyo ni Baba wa Taifa Mwalimu Julius Kambarage
Nyerere ambaye alikuwa Mwalimu aliyechukua uamuzi mgumu wa
kuacha kazi hiyo na mapato yake na kuwa kiongozi wa chama
kilichoongoza harakati za kupigania uhuru wa Tanzania Bara
mpaka ukapatikana. Uhuru uliopatikana mwaka 1961 palikuwa na
nchi iliyoitwa Tanganyika sasa Tanzania Bara iliyokua mkusanyiko
wa makabila ambayo mwono wa Kitaifa ulikuwa umefifishwa kwa
makusudi na ukoloni.

Wakati wa machweo ya ukoloni na mapambazuko ya Uhuru hisia
na mtazamo wa utaifa ulisisitizwa na Mwalimu Julius Nyerere
aliyekuwa Waziri Mkuu na baadaye Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano
wa Tanzania. Mwalimu Nyerere aliwekwa kipaumbele mara baada
ya Uhuru wa kujenga taifa moja lililotoka katika mkusanyiko huo
wa makabila yaliyojikita katika misingi maalum aliyoitanabahisha
bila taswishi wala mashaka. Misingi hiyo ni utu, uhuru, usawa na
haki, maendeleo ya watu, kujitegemea, uzalendo, utaifa na
umoja, amani na utulivu, maadili na demokrasia shirikishi. Ni
kwa kuijenga na kuisimamia kwa dhati misingi hiyo ni moja ya
sababu ambayo imemfanya Mwalimu Julius Nyerere kuwa alama
au taswira ya uhuru, uzalendo na utaifa wa Tanzania.
Ingawa katika mada hii msisitizo ni katika misingi mikuu ya
mtazamo wa Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere katika kujenga
taifa letu la Tanzania naona kuna haja ya kutoa maelezo ya usuli
juu ya Tanzania ni nini na Mwalimu Nyerere ni nani. Naamini hilo
litayaweka maelezo yangu katika muktadha wake. Nikiri kuwa
mimi sijatanabahisha katika Taaluma ya siasa wala katika taaluma
ya uongozi. Hivyo mada yangu inaweza kuwa na upungufu hata
hivyo nafarijika kuwa katika hadhara hii wapo waliobobea katika
hayo na hivyo watafafanua vyema yale yatakayokuwa pogo katika
maendeleo yangu. Tuanze kwa kujadili chimbuko la Tanzania
ambalo limejengwa katika misingi mikuu iliyowekwa chini ya
uongozi wa Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere.

Uwepo na Chimbuko la Taifa la Tanzania
Tanzania ni Taifa linalotambulika na kuheshimiwa duniani lakini
halikuwepo tangu zamani zote. Tanzania katika mipaka ya leo ni
matokeo ya misukumo mbalimbali lakini mikubwa mitatu. Moja
Tanzania ni matokeo ya maumbile ya asili ya kijiografia yenye
mazingira yaliyowafanya watu kutoka sehemu nyingine katika
nyakati mbalimbali kabla ya ukoloni kuja na kuishi katika eneo
ambalo leo ni Tanzania. Kundi kubwa la watu lililokuja miaka
kadhaa kabla ya ujio wa ukoloni wa Kijerumani ni Wangoni. Ni
maumbile hayo ya kijiogafia baadaye yalitumiwa kuwa sehemu ya
mipaka ya nchi iliyowekwa na wakoloni. Mlima Kilimanjaro, Ziwa
Victoria, Ziwa Tanganyika, Ziwa Nyasa, Mto Ruvuma na Bahari ya
Hindi ni sehemu ya maumbile ya asili yanayoweka mipaka na nchi
nyingine. Tanzania inapakana na Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda ,
Burundi, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasi ya Kongo, Zambia, Malawi na
Msumbiji.
Msukumo wa pili ulioifanya Tanzania Bara kuwa katika mipaka ya
leo ni historia ya ukoloni wa Kijerumani na mikataba ya kibeberu
iliyowekwa kati ya Wajerumani na Waingereza. Ukoloni ulikuja na
kupora ardhi yetu na kuitawala. Katika eneo hili Wajerumani,
Waingereza na Wabelgiji waligombea maeneo ya kutwaa na
kuyatawala ama kwa hila na ulaghai na hata kwa vita na kwa
kutumia nguvu.
Mipaka hiyo imedumu kwa kiasi kikubwa hata baada ya uhuru na
Mwalimu Julius katika mkutano wa Wakuu wa Nchi wanachama
wa Umoja wa Afrika uliofanyika Cairo, Misri mwaka 1964
aliwasilisha hoja kuwa mipaka iliyoachwa na wakoloni iheshimiwe

ilivyo ili kuepusha vurugu na mifarakano na hata vita kwa mataifa
machanga ya Afrika. Hiyo ilikuwa na mantiki hasa ikizingatiwa
kuwa lengo kubwa la nchi za Afrika lilikuwa bado ni kuunda umoja
wa Afrika.
Mipaka hiyo iliyowekwa na wakoloni ndiyo iliyomfanya Mwalimu
Nyerere alipozaliwa Aprili 1922 azaliwe katika nchi ya Tanganyika
wakati huo katika himaya ya Waingereza kama “mandate territory”
“League of nations”.
Kwa hiyo Tanzania ipo katika mipaka yake ya sasa ikiwa ni
matokeo ya ukoloni wa Wajerumani na hatimaye Waingereza.
Maamuzi ya wakoloni hao juu ya mipaka kama yangebadilika basi
Nyerere asingezaliwa katika eneo ambalo leo ni Tanzania.
Kama ilivyowahi kuelezwa na aliyekuwa Balozi wa Ujerumani
nchini Tanzania, Dr. Heinz Scheneppen katika kitabu kidogo
kiitwacho“Why Kilimanjaro is in Tanzania: Some Reflections
on the Making of the Boundaries” ameandika hivi:
“Was Mwalimu aware that his personal destiny had been shaped by
the borders as well? Had not the Germans in 1886 at the last minute
– as we saw – succeeded in shifting the border east of lake Victoria
by 100 kilometres up to north Musoma, Julius Nyerere would have
not been born in Tanganyika but in Kenya. It would have hardly
been possible for him to become here in Tanzania Baba wa Taifa –
Father of the Nation ….. History in the making, history in the state of
conception has many options; history made, history concluded has no
alternative. Today Tanzania must take the borders as they exist…
Tanzania has developed into a state within the borders imposed by

colonial powers. Within these borders Tanzania has developed into
one nation, overcoming tribal antagonism and ethnic isolation.”1
Dr, Heinz Schneppen anarudia kwa msisitizo juu ya hilo katika
kitabu kidogo kiitwacho “Why Tanzania is Where It Is:
Tanzania’s Colonial Boundaries from the Berlin Conference
1884 – 1885 Until Its Independence”. He observes that:
“Tanzania is where it is because its boundaries are what they
are.That is how we started. No state without boundaries. Without
colonial boundaries there is no Tanzania. But these boundaries,
necessary as they are not at all sufficient condition for Tanzania’s
national existence. A state needed boundaries, but a nation needs a
political will to live together and to belong together. While elsewhere
nations are still searching for their state, in Tanzania the people and
the state have built a nation: within boundaries that are neither
challenged from without nor from within.”2
Kwa hiyo uamuzi wa kuwafanya Wadigo waishi Kaskazini
Mashariki ya Tanzania na wengine wawepo Kenya, Wanyamwanga
wawepo Kusini Magharibi ya Tanzania na
________________________________
1 Schneppen,, H., Why Kilimanjaro is in Tanzania: Some Reflections of This Country and Its Boundaries,
Dar es Salaam, national Museum of Tanzania, Occasional Paper No. 9, 1996,p. 35.
2 Schneppen, H. , Why Tanzania is Where It Is: Tanzania’s Colonial Boundaries from the Berlin
Conference 1884 – 1885 Until Its Independence, Dar es Salaam, National Museum of Tanzania,
Occasional Paper No. 11, 1998, p. 32.

wengine waishi Zambia ni matokeo ya ukoloni. Lakini kwa Wadigo
hao na Wanyamwanga hao leo kuwa watu wa taifa moja na
wanaojivunia utaifa wao mmoja wala sio makabila yao au nasaba
yao ni matokeo ya jitihada madhubuti za Mwalimu Nyerere na
uongozi wa nchi wa kuunda taifa moja. Kama alivyosema Mwalimu
mwenyewe katika hotuba yake aliyoitoa katika Chuo Kikuu cha
Toronto, Kanada tarehe 2 Oktoba 1969 aliyoiita “Stability and
Change in Africa” kwamba:
“In Tanzania it was more than one hundred tribal units which lost
their freedom; it was one nation that regained it.”
Kwa mtazamo wa Mwalimu Afrika haikuwa na chaguo zaidi ya
kuunganisha makabila katika mipaka iliyorithiwa kuwa na haiba
ya taifa.
Kazi ya kuunganisha makabila hayo yote kuwa taifa moja haikuwa
ndogo au rahisi kama inavyodhaniwa na watu wanaopenda kubeza
au kupuuza mafanikio hayo ya Mwalimu. Zipo nchi za Kiafrika
ambazo hadi leo zimebaki kuwa mkusanyiko wa makabila na
mengine yakifarakana na kuhasimiana ndani ya mipaka yao
waliyoirithi kutoka kwa wakoloni. Kama methali ya Kiswahili
inavyosema ukiona vinaelea vimeundwa.

Jitihada hizo za kuunda taifa moja chini ya uongozi wa Mwalimu
Nyerere ndio msukumo wa tatu ulioifanya Tanzania kuwa ilivyo leo
ikiwa ni taifa moja lenye umoja na ni hatua na jitihada za
makusudi zilizochukuliwa mara baada ya uhuru katika ujenzi wa
taifa.
Katika kuunda taifa moja Tanzania imekwenda mbele zaidi. Hii
ndiyo nchi pekee ya Kiafrika ambayo ni matokeo ya muungano wa
hiari wa nchi mbili zilizokuwa huru kuungana kuwa taifa moja.
Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ni matokeo ya muungano wa
iliyokuwa Jamhuri ya Tanganyika na Jamhuri ya Muungano ya
Watu wa Zanzibar uliofanyika rasmi tarehe 26 April 1964.
Muungano huo wa kisiasa ambao sasa una umri wa miaka 47 ndio
pekee uliobaki katika Bara la Afrika baada ya mingine kuvunjika
muda mfupi baada ya kuasisiwa. Katika kipindi hicho
kinachoelekea nusu karne muungano huo umepata changamoto
nyingi na hata misukosuko ambayo ingeweza hata kuvunja
muungano wenyewe. Sasa na tuangalie misingi na mitazamo ya
Mwalimu Nyerere aliyoiweka, kuifafanua na kuisimamia katika
ujenzi wa taifa.
3. Mwalimu Nyerere na Misingi ya Ujenzi wa Taifa
Mtazamo wa Mwalimu Nyerere kama ilivyoelezwa katika sehemu
iliyotangulia ilikuwa kuunda taifa moja kutokana na makabila zaidi
ya 120 aliyoyarithi Tanzania Bara ilipopata uhuru mwaka 1961.
Azma hiyo ilibaki na kupewa msukumo mkubwa zaidi wa kuunda
taifa moja la Watanzania wanaotokana na Muuungano wa
Tanganyika na Zanzibar kuwa wamoja.

Ipo misingi ambayo Mwalimu Nyerere katika mtazamo wake ilikuwa
muhimu katika ujenzi wa taifa. Misingi hiyo ambayo
tumeriorodhesha awali ni utu, uhuru, usawa na haki, maendeleo
ya watu, kujitegemea, uzalendo na utaifa, umoja, amani na
utulivu, maadili na demokrasia shirikishi.
Kwa hiyo ujenzi wa taifa moja la Tanzania si matokeo ya kiajali
wala uholela bali jitihada mahsusi zilizojitika katika misingi hiyo. Ni
misingi hiyo inayowezesha kuundwa kwa taifa moja, imara, lenye
mshikamano na linaloweza kuhimili misukosuko, mikiki mikiki,
vishindo, matatizo na hata husuda na hujuma. Hii ni misingi
inayojenga watu katika taifa lenye msimamo na la watu wazalendo
na wanaojiamini na kuchukua hatua za kulijenga na kuliimarisha
taifa lao.
Msingi wa kwanza wa Mwalimu Nyerere katika ujenzi wa taifa ni
UTU. Kwamba kila mtu anastahilli heshima kwa sababu ya utu
wake. Utu wa binadamu si kitu cha kupewa kwa ridhaa ya watu
wengine bali ni asili aliyozaliwa nayo mwanadamu. Utu haupewi
kama hisani bali ni haki ya asili ya kila mwanadamu. Kitendo cha
kuwakamata watu na kuwafanya watumwa au kuwatawala na
kuwabagua kinavunja na kutweza utu ambao ni haki ya msingi na
isiyoondosheka ya binadamu. Kwa kutambua umuhimu wa msingi
huo wa utu Chama cha TANU chini ya uongozi wa Mwalimu
Nyerere kilipigania uhuru ili kurejesha utu wa Mtanzania na
baadaye kuwa ndio msingi wa ujenzi wa taifa jipya.

Dhana na msingi wa utu umelezwa na kufafanuliwa na Mwalimu
Nyerere kwa kina katika kitabu chake cha “Binadamu na
Maendeleo” ambacho pia kipo katika kiingereza “Man and
Development” Ni kwa kuamini katika msingi huu kulikomfanya
Mwalimu Nyerere achukie na kukemea kila aina ya ubaguzi ndani
na nje ya mipaka ya Tanzania.
Msingi wa pili katika ujenzi wa taifa letu ni UHURU. Msingi huu
ndio unaoimarisha utu wa mwanadamu. Uhuru katika maana yake
pana mabayo ni zaidi ya kuacha kutawaliwa na taifa jingine bali pia
ni ule uliojengwa katika ukombozi wa mtu na kuboresha maisha
yake na uwezo wake wa kushiriki, kuamua na kusimamia
maendeleo na ustawi wake na wenzake. Katika kusimamia msingi
huu mara baada ya uhuru Mwalimu Nyerere alitangaza vita dhidi
ya adui watatu yaani umaskini, ujinga na maradhi wanaofisha
uhuru wa watu. Jitihada za kupambana na maadui hao watatu ni
sehemu ya hatua muhimu ya ujenzi wa taifa. Mwalimu alitamka
bayana kuwa: “Pasipo huru hakuna maendeleo, na bila
maendeleo uhuru hutoweka.”
Kupambana na maadui hao watatu na madhila mengine lengo lake
ni kuleta maendeleo. Huu ndio msingi wa tatu katika mtazamo wa
Mwalimu Nyerere wa ujenzi wa taifa. Mwalimu Nyerere aliamini na
kusimamia MAENDELEO YA WATU. Kwake lengo la maendeleo ni
watu na hata akatoa hotuba aliyoiita “The Purpose is Man.”

Kitabu cha Tatu cha mkusanyiko wa hotuba na maandiko yake
kiitwacho “Freedom and Development/Uhuru na Maendeleo”
Mwalimu anachanganua na kufafanua dhana na msingi wa
maendeleo ya watu. Ndiyo maana katika moja ya hotuba zake
anasisisitiza kuwa:
“Maendeleo maana yake ni maendeleo ya watu. Mabarabara,
majumba kuongeza mazao na vitu vingine vya aina hii, siyo
maendeoeo: ni vyombo vya maendeleo:
Msingi wa nne katika mtazamo wa Mwalimu Nyerere wa ujenzi wa
taifa ni USAWA NA HAKI. Azma ya kupigania uhuru wa Tanzania
Bara ilikuwa ni kuleta usawa kwa watu. Ndiyo maana ahadi ya
mwana TANU ilikuwa “Binadamu wote ni sawa.” Na usawa
unaandamana na haki ili kukamilika. Usawa na haki ndio
unaimarisha utu wa mwanadamu kwa kuilinda haki yake ya kuishi
katika maana yake pana na haki ya kutoa maoni na kushiriki
katika maamuzi ya umma.
Msingi wa tano katika mtazamo wa Mwalimu Nyerere katika ujenzi
wa taifa ni kujitegemea. Mwalimu alisisitiza umuhimu wa
kujitegemea katika ngazi ya taifa na raia mmoja mmoja. Alitamka
kinagaubaga kuwa Tanzania haina mjomba kwa hiyo ni lazima
ijitegemee na kuleta maendeleo yake. Lakini pia alisisitiza kuwa
taifa omba omba linapoteza uhuru wake na uwezo wake wa
kujiamulia mambo yake.
11
Katika ngazi ya mtu mmoja mmoja Mwalimu Nyerere alikemea
MAKUPE yaani watu wenye uwezo wa kufanya kazi lakini wanaishi
kwa kutegea ndugu zao badala ya kufanya kazi ili wajipatie riziki.
Alitoa kauli mbiu – Usiwe Kupe Jitegemee”. Dhana na msingi
huu umefafanuliwa vizuri na kwa kina katika Azimio la Arusha
lililoleta siasa ya “Ujamaa na Kujitegemea”. Aidha huu
umefafanuliwa vyema na Mwalimu Nyerere katika hotuba na
maandiko yake yaliyokusanywa katika kitabu chake cha pili
kiitwacho “Uhuru na Ujamaa/Freedom and Socialism”. Azimio la
Arusha linatamka kinagaubaga kuwa fedha sio msingi wa
maendeleo bali WATU, ARDHI, SIASA SAFI NA UONGOZI BORA.
Msingi huu wa kujitegemea umeelezwa na Gilbert Rist katika
kitabu chake “The History of Development: From Western
Origins to Global Faith” London,Zed Press, 2008) kuwa ni
chanzo muhimu kwa Mwalimu Nyerere kwa dunia katika
kudadavua matatizo ya kutokuendelea na utegemezi katika mfumo
wa uchumi usio sawa duniani.
Msingi wa sita katika mtazamo wa Mwalimu Nyerere wa ujenzi wa
taifa unajumuisha dhana za UMOJA, UTAIFA na UZALENDO.
Umoja wa kitaifa ambao ni endelevu unajengwa na mwono wa
utaifa na moyo wa uzalendo. Taifa ambalo halina utaifa na
uzalendo litayumba na kutumbukia katika mifarakano na
kuparaganyika. Uzalendo yaani moyo wa kulipenda taifa ndio
unaofanya watu waweke maslahi ya taifa mbele kuliko maslahi yao
binafsi.
12
Moyo wa kuiona Tanzania ikiwa taifa ni muhimu zaidi kuliko mtu
mmoja mmoja au kundi au kikundi. Uzalendo pia ni moyo wa kuwa
tayari kuitumikia nchi kwa moyo wote. Hapana shaka Mwalimu
Nyerere aliusimamia kidete uzalendo na yeye mwenyewe alikuwa
mfano wa kuishi kwa uzalendo katika uongozi na maisha yake.
Msingi wa nane katika mtazamo wa Mwalimu Nyerere wa ujenzi wa
taifa ni AMANI na UTULIVU. Amani na utulivu ni tunu ambayo
Mwalimu Nyerere na waasisi wa taifa letu wametuachia. Amani na
utulivu unatokana na taifa kujenga maelewano katika
mazungumzo ya hoja na maelewano katika mambo ya msingi
katika kushughulikia haki za watu na ustawi wao. Ni moyo wa
kuvumiliana na kuheshimiana uliojengwa katika misingi ya haki.
Moyo wa uzalendo huimarisha amani na utulivu kwa kuwezesha
watu kupembua ni mambo yapi ya msingi hivyo yasichezewe na
yapi siyo ya msingi na hivyo yasiruhusiwe kuwa mwanzo wa
mifarakano na utengano na hivyo kudhoofisha taifa.
Msingi wa Tisa katika mtazamo wa Mwalimu Nyerere katika ujenzi
wa Taifa ni MAADILI. Hapa nina maana ya maadili mema na
maadili ya Ki-Tanzania ambayo pamoja na kuwa ni sehemu ya
jumuiya ya kimataifa Tanzania imejitanabahisha na kujipambanua
kuwa taifa linalosimamia usawa na haki kwa watu wote na mahali
popote.
13
Miongoni mwa misingi ambayo Mwalimu Nyerere aliisimamia kwa
dhati tangu mwanzo wa uhuru wetu miaka 50 iliyopita ni maadili.
Kwa kuzingatia msemo wa Kiswahili samaki mkunje angali mbichi
Mwalimu Nyerere toka awali kabisa alikemea na kuchukua hatua
madhubuti dhidi ya vitendo vya rushwa, udanganyifu, ubadhilifu,
ulaghai, ubaraka, matumizi mabaya ya madaraka,
kutokujiheshimu na kutoheshimu wengine. Misingi hiyo ya
maadili ni muhimu kwa Taifa lenyewe na kwa kila raia.
Umuhimu wa maadili ya kitaifa umeelezwa kwa urefu na kina
katika andiko la Mwalimu Nyerere linaloitwa “National Ethic”.
Msingi wa kumi katika mtazamo wa Mwalimu katika ujenzi wa taifa
ni DEMOKRASIA SHIRIKISHI. Hii ni demokrasia iliyojikita katika
kuhakikisha kuwa wananchi wenyewe ndio waamuzi wa hatima yao
na nchi yao. Ni demokrasia iliyokitika katika siasa za maendeleo na
ustawi wa watu na sio kukimbilia madaraka. Hata alipoelezea
mfumo wa kidemokrasia wa chama kimoja hoja kubwa ilikuwa ni
kuwashirikisha wananchi katika maamuzi. Pia uliporejeshwa
mfumo wa vyama vingi msisitizo wake ulikuwa ni kupanua wigo wa
demokrasia kwa kuwashirikisha zaidi wananchi na kushindanisha
sera kwa lengo la kuchochea kasi ya maendeleo na kuimarisha
ustawi wa wananchi.. Umuhimu wa Misingi hii katika Mawanda ya Sasa
Utandawazi pamoja na mabadiliko makubwa ya kisiasa na
kiuchumi unaifanya misingi hii iwe muhimu zaidi sasa katika
kuhakikisha kuwa Tanzania inabaki kuwa taifa moja lenye
kuheshimu utu, linalosimamia usawa na haki, linalojenga
maendeleo ya watu katika misingi ya kujitegemea, linalohimiza
amani na utulivu na lililojikita katika maadili. Katika zama hizi
umoja wa kitaifa hauna budi kusisitizwa na kusimamiwa kwa
dhati kwani kuna kila dalili kuwa vimelea ambavyo vinaweza
kuathiri na kuvuruga umoja wa kitaifa havijatoweka na viashiria
vinaonekana. Ukabila na udini lazima ukemewe kwa nguvu zote.

 Hitimisho

Miaka hamsini baada ya uhuru wetu misingi hiyo bado ni nguzo
muhimu za ujenzi wa taifa letu. Misingi hii daima inasukwa sukwa
na dhoruba ambazo Mwalimu Nyerere amezielezeaa katika hotuba
yake maarufu iitwayo NYUFA” .Hotuba hiyo ni wosia mkubwa kwa
watanzania kwani misingi ambayo tukiichezea na kuipuuza
tunaitakia na tunajitakia maangamizi kama taifa na kama raia wa
nchi hii ambayo kama nilivyoeleza haikujengwa kwa bahati nasibu
au ajali bali kwa mipango na nia madhubuti ya kuwa taifa moja,
huru lililo na usawa na linalosimamia haki kwa ustawi wa watu
wake wote na wale wote wanaotafuta hifadhi katika nchi hii.
Mwalimu Nyerere aliisimamia na kuiishika misingi hiyo, sasa ni
wajibu wetu nasi kuisimamia na kuilinda kwa uwezo wetu wote.
Kama alivyosema yeye mwenyewe Mwalimu Nyerere:
“IT CAN BE DONE PLAY YOUR PART”
“INAWEZEKANA TIMIZA WAJIBU WAKO”
                                    Na
Prof. P. J. Kabudi
Kitivo cha Sheria
Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam

YOUNG JEEZ Brings Hustlerz Ambition to "RapFix Live"

YJ-RapFix Live

The Snowman will join Sway on 'RapFix Live' Wednesday at 4 p.m. ET on MTV.com.
By Rob Markman

Young Jeezy
Photo: Getty Images

It's been almost three years in the making, but on December 20, Young Jeezy will finally be releasing his long-awaited TM: 103 Hustlerz Ambition. And on Wednesday, the Snowman will be coming to "RapFix Live" to chop it up with Sway about his upcoming release. Not only that, but Young has also given RapFix an exclusive clip from the album's accompanying film.

The album boasts appearances from Lil Wayne, T.I., Jill Scott, Snoop Dogg and Devin the Dude. Last week, "I Do," a tongue-in-cheek love song featuring Jay-Z and Andre 3000, hit the Net to rave reviews. On it, Jeezy professes his love for hustling, while Jay cleverly raps about his marriage to the streets, though at times sounds like he is dedicating his bars to wifey Beyoncé.
Next week's edition of "RapFix Live" will also celebrate MTV2's upcoming Sucker Free Awards, as well the return of "Yo! MTV Raps," with a special episode dubbed "Classic Cuts." Both shows will premiere on MTV2 on December 4, and "RapFix Live" has exclusive behind-the-scenes looks.
Held at Miami's Club LIV, the Sucker Free Awards will celebrate the year in hip-hop, giving out statues for Best Crew of 2011, Rookie of the Year and the Must-Follow Person of 2011. Rick Ross, Meek Mill, DJ Khaled, Red Café and Ace Hood were all on hand as well as Birdman and his YMCMB family.
"Yo! MTV Raps: Classic Cuts" will profile three artists and their classic tracks: A Tribe Called Quest's "Scenario," Geto Boys' "My Mind's Playing Tricks on Me," and Ice Cube's "It Was a Good Day."
The special will feature discussions from former hosts Fab 5 Freddy, Ed Lover and Dr. Dre, as well as some of rap's generational heavyweights. The special will explore the way each song revolutionized the genre and impacted generations to come. In addition to the three classic cuts, the special will also feature a long list of current hip-hop artists from Common to Wiz Khalifa and Fat Joe.
Catch Young Jeezy on "RapFix Live" Wednesday at 4 p.m. ET on MTV.com, and be sure to join the Twitter conversation using the hashtag #RapFixLive. And send your questions for Young Jeezy to @MTVRapFiX!
Related Artists

• Young Jeezy

A Brand New ‘Toy Story’ Short is Coming to Theaters

on the cool just from...

A new 7-minute Toy Story short is set to play before The Muppets, which opens November 23rd. There’s plot details and minor spoilers ahead, so if you’d like to go into theaters knowing nothing, turn away now.

As you can see in the photo above, Buzz Lightyear is a little smaller than you may remember. That’s because it’s not actually the Buzz we know and love–it’s a miniature Happy Meal-type toy. Writer/director Angust MacLane told USA Today that “These toys’ existence is about being really popular before the meal and then being totally forgotten about,” MacLane says. “And sometimes they don’t even get played with.” Mini-Buzz, envious of the other toys, kidnaps his taller counterpart in order to take over his play time. Talk about a Napoleon complex!

Tags : buzz lightyear, The Muppets, toy story

The 11/11/11

RT 

11/11/11: Eleven craziest facts you need to know about it

Published: 11 November, 2011, 11:11

11.11.11: Craziest facts you need to know about it

TAGS: Russia, South America, UK, Thrills&Spills, India, China, USA

From Freemasons, spiritualists to RPG-fans around the world, this day has something to offer to everyone.
­1) First and foremost – the date’s number is a full palindrome (reads the same from left to right, and right to left), which occurs only once in a century. Nothing crazy about this one, just plain math. Though it is of course the date’s palindromic qualities that cause all the craziness around it in the first place. Occultists, Freemasons and numerologists each have their own connotation for the number. Oh, and lotto players ofttimes refer to 11 as “the drumsticks”.
2) Last time a full double-figure palindrome date occurred (on November 11, 1911), US citizens in Kansas witnessed an extraordinary temperature drop from 24C to -12C. Friday will show if that had anything to do with the date or was mere coincidence.
3) Russians get married en masse. Registry services in various Russian towns will be working overtime and setting up additional offices to cater for all the couples who wish to tie the knot. The other popular wedding days – like January 1st, or August 28th – are given a run for their money, as the trend doesn’t stay exclusively Russian.

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4) South Korean mothers desperately want to give birth on this date exactly. They flood hospitals with requests for a Caesarean section delivery in order to have the magical 111111 in their children’s registration number. The latter, according to Korean law is composed of 13 numbers, with the first six corresponding for the date of birth.
5) The Anonymous hacker group – in the spotlight lately with its promises to hack the upcoming US election – also plans to organize a flashmob reenactment of the “V for Vendetta” finale in London. They have called for protesters to join together on Friday evening from 9 to 12pm wearing Guy Fawkes masks.
6) Peruvian spiritualist Solara calls to mark the significance of having a “triple master number” date – 11, 22, 33 are called master numbers because are believed by some to process more potential than others. Some 50 groups around the world will mark the date, according to Solara. “I envision a big shift in consciousness on the planet, and it’s coming to a point with this date,” she is quoted by Scotsman.com
7) Twins celebrate birthday in Wisconsin. The adorable Betsy and Katie Overman are turning eleven on this remarkable day, promising to spend no more than 11 minutes in school. RT wishes them success in each of their other future endeavors. But more than anything this stresses a lack of news topics in US regional press.
8) Mars may be seen in tandem with Regulus – the brightest star the Lion constellation and one of the most noticeable ones in the sky. To witness the rare astronomical event, one has to look eastwards around 9pm GMT. Right above the line of the horizon the orange Mars will be seen, with Regulus rising to the right of it.

Regulus and surrounding region

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9) The Chinese calendar provides that silver lining, claiming 11.11.11 is in fact the most successful day of the century, as it “embodies mirror unity and balance between the sky and the land”, whatever that means. Chinese numerology regards number one as a symbol of leadership and independence – no surprises here, while Feng Shui sees it as meaning luck and success. And to thing of a day that in fact contains two of those!
10) Nothing in India. Yeah, you heard it – nothing. Indian media was quick to dismiss all the speculation regarding the date saying it holds no significance in the Hindu calendar. Well, in a country as ravaged by sectarian violence as India is, the desire to get rid of numerology freaks at least is understandable. Then again wasn’t there a religion craving for nothing in India?
11) An alternative way of doing nothing can be achieved by purchasing Skyrim – the fifth Elder Scrolls series video game – 11.11.11 is the day of its release. Be advised, though, Elder Scrolls, which is the biggest Role Playing Games (RPG) franchise in history, tends to render you doing nothing for substantially longer time than just 24 hours.

MJUE MH. JANUARY MAKAMBA

       

   Representative

Ndugu January Yusuph Makamba is the new Member of Parliament (MP) for Bumbuli constituency in the Tanzanian National Assembly (The Bunge)

  He sailed through unopposed in the October 31, 2010 general elections, representing the ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) ticket. He won the August 1st primary election within CCM with a margin of 80.11% against 8 other contestants. Before running for Bumbuli parliamentary seat, January was Aide to Tanzanian President Hon. Jakaya Kikwete for 5 years since 2005.

 

                          NOW COMES   A STORY OF HIMSELF BY HIMSELF 

 

 

  With the beginning of this sentence, I have succumbed to admonitions from several quarters to “put my story out” now that I am a public figure. It has always felt presumptuous and vain to recount the story of my life in public. And there are a number of ways to do this: chronologically, anecdotally, and so forth. In any way that the story is told, my 36 years of living have been quite eventful, if not peripatetic.
I was born on 28 January 1974 to a young, polite and beautiful nursing course trainee and a very vibrant, loud and charming local government functionary (Katibu Tarafa): Josephine and Yusuf. Few months after my birth, my father was promoted to become a District Commissioner in Tanga. After three years, my mother went for further studies and my father went to join the military for Officer Cadet course in Tanzania Military Academy in Monduli. Me and my little brother were shipped to our village Mahezangulu, Lushoto, and later to our maternal grandmother who was living alone (my mother is a sole child and my grandma was widowed early) in a village around Kyaka – now Missenyi District – about 20 kilometres between the border of Uganda and Tanzania. After a year, Idi Amin invaded Tanzania and the Ugandan army occupied areas around our village: my grandma, my brother and I became refugees in displaced persons camp in areas further back from the border. Our mother made attempts to come get us but roads were closed around Biharamulo and people were not allowed to travel to the “war zone”. When the full war between Tanzania and Uganda broke out in 1978, my father, as an energetic new army lieutenant, was assigned to the frontlines – and therefore could not assist in getting us out of the refugees camp, until one day when he showed up in dirty uniforms soaked with rain commandeering an empty bus and got us permit to travel back to safe zone and reunite with our mother.
When the war ended, my father was moved to Dodoma to work for the (CCM) party. (My sister, Mwamvita, was born there and was named because of the remembrance of my father’s safe return from war). In our neighbourhood, my brother and I were the butt of the joke because as passenger planes flew in the skies above we would cry and ran to hid in the bushes – because of the trauma of bombardment of Ugandan warplanes. In 1981, we were moved to Monduli where in 1982 I started Standard I at Rasharasha Primary School. In primary school, I was nicknamed “January Makaptura” as my mother bought me oversized shorts so they could last a couple of years.

 

                                     Life in the Village

 

In 1983, my parents decided that I should move back to the village (this time without my brother) to live with my grandmother. Life in the village, in 1983, in that era of scarcity where basic necessities such as soap, sugar, salt, etc were rationed, was quite rough. Hardship that comes with village life – no running water, no electricity, etc - tests your character. It was much more difficult for me to cope because I had lived in the cities where all amenities were available. School was about seven kilometres from my grandmother’s house, and to make it by 7am, you have to be up by 5am to get prepared. Every student arrived in school in the morning with wet shoes (or wet feet, for those many who didn’t have shoes) from collecting moisture on grass covering village footpaths. As a city kid in the village, I stood out in the village – for better and for worse. I did well in school because of the good foundation but I also slid back because of the sheer enormity of tasks a village kid has to undertake. After school at about 3pm, I used to go straight to herding goats in the nearby hills overlooking River Kagera (as you start a climb towards Karagwe). Goats are interesting creatures to manage. If you condition them that they have 90 minutes to eat, they will settle and won’t run around, and in 90 minutes they will be full. If they know they have full day, you will be frustrated because you will be running with them and by the end of the day they will still not be full. There is nothing more satisfying than herding goats back home with bloated stomachs. Every evening I would feel satisfied and extremely accomplished. And, as a kid, the wonderment of being in the bush alone with goats, the bewilderment of the immensity of nature around you, with occasional terror of a glimpse of a snake, does not leave you for your entire life. Alone in the bush, a sole shepherd of the important assets of the family, you reflect, you fear and you hope – all the while you are a nine year old.
When the goats are back, my grandmother and I would go fetch water from River Kagera. The water used to be smelly and darkish kind as we fetched it not from the river itself but its adjacent wetland. When I go to the village today, and see some 7, 8 and 9 year-olds, shoeless and in ragged clothes, balancing 10 and 20 litres containers of water from the same river, I recall my life back then – and reflect on the purpose of politics.
Life in the village happened at my grandma’s place. She used to have a little village pub selling local brew (lubisi). At 6pm, me and her open shop. Most customers were men. In the village, people knew each other and many customers will drink on credit. My grandma, who died this March, was tough as steel. She would handle drunken men who are aggressive with command and authority and cow them into leaving the pub or paying up their debts. I would watch in amazement as collect the money or measure portions to customers. Village pub conversation meandered from gossiping, to politics, to the latest developments in the village, to the retelling of the good old days.
My grandmother is from a people who are steeped in etiquette: everything has elaborate rituals, most especially eating. Eating was communal where up to 8 people would sit down, and surround and share one big plate, and, as a junior, you do not pick up a piece of meat on your own. It is handed to you by seniors. And never ever will you greet someone while walking. You have to stop and offer extended greetings. The idea was to keep order, discipline and retain predictability in social conduct and relationships. So, I learnt to recall and abide to these rituals, and this provided me with a set of values that I have kept todate.

 

                             Growing Up in Tanga

In 1985, I moved back to live with my parents in Lushoto, where I attended Kitopeni Primary School. My father was moved to Tanga city, where I completed my primary school education at Masiwani Primary School, and then he moved to Wete, Pemba, the smaller island in Zanzibar. We did not accompany our father there – instead we moved to a village called Kiomoni – 12 kilometres outside Tanga city. Commuting 24 kilometres everyday from Kiomoni to Tanga to go to school at Masiwani was hell as buses were very notorious in taking students. In most cases, you would rather walk on foot and get home at 8pm. The place was very malarial and I recall my little sister suffering from malaria almost every other week. We all suffered repeated bouts of malaria and I recall my mother moving from me to my brothers and sister all night sponging us with cold water to keep our bodies temperatures down.
Good thing Dad did not last in Pemba as we were moved to Handeni. I started my secondary education at Handeni Secondary School in 1988, the first year of its operation. It was more or less a bush school as we were the first students: literally 2 teachers, one classroom, no textbooks, no toilets, no labs, and makeshift desks. It was very rough. At the same time, the excitement that you are in secondary school – that you have somehow made it – was not diminished by these challenges. In the streets of Handeni, a typical urban centre of a very rural district, we would mumble some English words we could muster just to distinguished ourselves with – and to boast to - those who have not made it to the secondary school, back then a whopping majority (up to 80 percent) of primary school leavers.
When my father was moved (once again) to Lindi to become Regional Party Secretary, I had to move to a boarding school: So, I joined Galanos Secondary School, a more established if not reputable government school in the outskirts of the city of Tanga. I was a very good student there, almost always and effortlessly first in class. I was also very popular, outspoken and fearless. I ran for Deputy Head Prefect and won handily against a candidate favoured by the teachers (in old government boarding schools, the election of the student government body is a very serious matter). I was a very unconventional student leader as I clashed often with teachers over students’ rights, particularly poor state of food. Also, I did not quite fully use all the privileges that came of DHP position.
I was expected to do well at national secondary education exams. I chose to pursue CBA – Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture – as my “combination” for High School studies. The main reason for this choice was that it was an exclusive and a highly competitive combination. There was only one high school – Kibaha Secondary School – in the country taking only 34 students for this combination. So, I chose this because it was hard to get to high school on this. I was thrilled and moved by the challenge. So, we did our exams – and the day to go and look for the result came. And, to the shock of friends and family and teachers, my name was not there in the results sheet. I felt like collapsing. I went to another result centre thinking that there was a mistake – again, nothing. Inquiries to the reasons were not responded to immediately. Later we learnt that I was mistakenly linked to a cheating scam that one of the teachers was involved in. I was a pawn in a terrible mistake. A really long and painful story. So, what was the alternative? To resit the exams. I quickly registered as private candidate and pursued High School studies at Forest Hill High School on a tentative basis while resitting – so that when I get my results I can proceed on to Form Six. It was such a task, but I succeeded.

 

Reflections  on War, Peace & Violence

After high school, I trekked to Kasulu, Kigoma to look for adventure and check out in real life these images from media of massive numbers of refugees crossing into Tanzania. I ended up getting myself a job there, first as a registration clerk (basically registering refugee details in the “manifest” as they come into the country). I did this work enthusiastically as I had the opportunity to live alone and earn a salary for the first time. I was then promoted to become distribution supervisor – overseeing food and non-food items distribution. I saw people making a lot of money stealing refugees stuff and I was horrified. Of the things I am most fearful about is stealing: can you really spend stolen property with comfort? I feel like everybody in the world – who will be looking at you – will know that you are a thief. I remember very well to have brought to the camp police station 8 of my staff (including the retired army captain who was our chief of security) for unexplained loss of food items. I was naive and an idealist: there was no way there was going to be “evidence” that they stole it.
So, my hardwork was rewarded with a promotion to become Assistant Camp Manager at Mtabila II refugee camp. I founded the camp myself. I recall surveying all the corners of the camp when it was just a bush handed to us by the Ministry of Home Affairs. I recall receiving new “caseload” – and giving away the first plot.
I was young – 21, 22, 23, with a lot of authority, good salary, a car, a driver and most importantly a UHF radio handset, a real symbol of status in the refugee camp. It is at this stage that I started making friends with international people i.e expatriates. I worked very well with people at Africare, with UNHCR Field Coordinators Bushra Halepota (from Pakistan) and Alice Bellah Conteh from Sierra Leone. They all loved me. When I was leaving for college, I had a farewell party at Kasulu TTC and Alice gave me as present a gold Cartier pen (back then I did not realise its value and did not even know that “Cartier” was a luxurious brand. I was a bush boy).
In the camps, I also became very reflective and philosophical. I felt deep in my heart the suffering of these refugees. And I recalled stories told by my grandfather about my own life as a refugee (in my own country). I reflected a lot on the nature of man, nature of war, violence and peace. I also fell in love with a refugee girl (now happily married in Canada) but could not date her as my position as service provider to her, with all the resources at my disposal vis-à-vis hers, as a refugee and vulnerable got me to rethink the wisdom of us getting together. Perhaps I was wrong.
Anyway, when I decided to go to college, I thought I should do peace studies – to understand the nature of war, peace and violence; to see if I can offer assistance in making the world a much more peaceful place; to see if we can prevent people having to flee from their homes to other countries. Using the savings from my job and part scholarship, I went to college in the United States, a very prestigious one in Minnesota – St. John’s University, a catholic university, with a seminary, a monastery and many Benedictine monks as professors. But I first landed in Boston and took some preliminary/required courses/credits at a cheaper rate at Quincy College before transferring them to SJU.

 

                                     Coming to America

 

Life in the United States was quite interesting. Everything was new and big. The second day I arrived, my hosts were at work and there was a ring at the door, and when I open it, two little African-American girls were there saying some things that I could not figure out. They were frustrated and left – and I felt embarrassed and figured America is going to be really tough.
Since I was in Tanzania, and watched American movies, I had longed to eat at MacDonald’s. So, at the first opportunity, I went there but ordering was an issue. So, I looked at the pictures of burgers and just pointed to the number whose burger looked delicious, but still many questions from the cashier in rapid English came toward me (after a few months, I learnt the questions entailed “for here or to go?”, “meal or combo?”, “large or medium”, “cheese and mayo?” and so on) and I felt like saying “Maswali ya nini? Wewe nipe tu hiyo burger kama ilivyo kwenye picha” or “Just give me the burger as looks in the picture!”
But America was a great place. For summers, I took on all jobs one can imagine: I delivered pizza and magazines, I worked in nursing homes caring for the elderly, I worked with people with mental disability (this was most readily available job for immigrants and foreign students), I worked as a security guard (where I had to buy that silly heavy belt with everything on it), as an office clerk, and so on. I recall in Boston, working at a house with people with mental disability, my boss was late and I was asked to get these guys to their doctor’s appointments. I had a driver’s licence but had never driven in the United States apart from the test to get the licence. I got lost for three hours. The guys I was with started losing it as time for meds came and I was on the road. I also started losing it as I hit the wrong freeway and as you know can’t drive slowly in the freeway, so I was speeding without really knowing where I was going. I was rescued by police – who escorted me back to the house. My boss was American of Greek origin. He understood and gave me another chance.

 

                                          A Pious     Job

 

But my best job was on St. John’s University campus. I secured some 20 hours a week to work with the Benedictine monks at the monastery nursing home. This is serious stuff: working with these great men of god, who have devoted their lives to serve God – no kids, no property, no nothing – and they are placed at a house where they know, and everyone knows, that they are waiting to die. And I was a friend, a companion, caregiver and conversation partner to these men. You see the best of both worlds: strength of faith and fallibility of faith; prospect of death as inducement of fear and prospect of death as embraced opportunity for eternal rest. I attended a funeral mass for one of these men where the attendance is very small, because their work and their mark have been in missions around the world and because at that place called nursing home the banality of death can harden the heart that, when it happens, only few show up to celebrate it. In college, my favourite subject was philosophy and my mentor was Father Rene McGraw who got me to “get” Emmanuel Levinas’ “Totality and Infinity: Essays on Exteriority”. And since then, I have become a better person (I believe). I left college and took up a very competitive graduate assistanceship/internship at the Carter Center, an institute founded and led by former US President, Jimmy Carter. This took me to Sierra Leone. 

MISS WORLD TANZANIA 2011, PROFILE

WHEN! Indonesia and Czech Republic added to Miss World 2011 Talent Semi-Finalists. Again the Semi-Finalists for Miss World 2011 Talent are: Paraguay, Iceland, Latvia, Malta, US Virgin Islands, Lithuania, Barbados, South Africa, Guatemala, Cayman Islands, Venezuela, Canada, Ukraine, Puerto Rico, Kazakhstan, Chile, St Barthelemy, China PR, Czech Republic and Indonesia! PERHAPS Tanzanians should still know who we have in the game, goooooooooooo SALHA

PERSONAL INFORMATION Name :  Salha Israel KIFAI Age :  18 Height :  1.68 Languages :  Swahili & English BIOGRAPHY Salha is currently a student hoping to become a lawyer. Hobbies include: swimming, watching movies, dancing and visiting national animal parks. Salha describes herself as courageous and confident and her personal motto is ‘Think Big, Dream Big, Achieve Big.’ INTERVIEW (missworld) Tell us a little something about your Country ? Tanzania is a country with the highest mountain in Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro. It has the beautiful island of Zanzibar and some of the biggest national parks. Future ambitions ? To become a lawyer. Describe yourself I am courageous and confident, ready to face any challenge. Personal Motto? Think big, dream big, achieve big. Favourite food ? My favourite food is Chinese pilau. Favourite Music / Books ? My favourite musical genres are R&B and pop. Do you have any pets ? I have two cats at home. Special Talents ? My talent is dance. Any other interesting facts ? I have visited Tanzania National Park many times. I like playing with small animals like baboons; I can even hold a python in my hands.

THE APPLE CEO (STEVE JOBS) DIES;

Steve Jobs, the Apple founder and former CEO, has died at the age of 56 after a long battle with cancer. "The world has lost a visionary," Barack Obama says in tribute.

Steve Jobs tribute on Apple website Photo: APPLE

 

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Born on February 24, 1955 and raised in Palo Alto, California, Jobs founded Apple in his family's garage in 1976 with his friend Steve Wozniak (above left) Photo: Getty Images

 

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SteveJobs fought a rare form of pancreatic cancer Photo: PAUL SAKUMA

 

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Steve Jobs had instinctive faith in Apple's new products  

Steve Jobs is dead. The Apple chairman and former CEO who made personal computers, smartphones, tablets, and digital animation mass-market products passed away today. We're going to miss him. Deeply, and personally.
Steven P. Jobs passed away on October 5th, 2011 after a long struggle with pancreatic cancer. He was just 56 years old. We mourn his passing, and wish his family the very best.
Let's address this up front: Gizmodo and Steve Jobs had, at best, a tumultuous relationship. Yet no matter how much he may have hated us, we admired him.
No, that's not quite right. We loved him.
He was the reason many of us got into this industry, or even care about technology at all. He made the computer personal, and the smartphone fun. Bill Gates may have put a computer on every office desk, but it was Steve Jobs who put one in every dorm room and bedroom and living room. And then, years later, he repeated the trick, putting one in every bag and every pocket, thanks to the iPad and iPhone. If you use a computer or smartphone today, it is either one he created, or an imitation of his genius.
He changed the way movies are made, the way music is sold, the way stories are told, the very way we interact with the world around us. He helped us work, and gave us new ways to play. He was a myth made man.

 comments from the telegraph
07:54 Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg has said: "Steve, thank you for being a mentor and a friend. Thanks for showing that what you build can change the world. I will miss you."

07:40 This lost video from 1984 shows the magic moment a young Steve Jobs introduced the "insanely great" original Macintosh computer.

07:35 One Telegraph commenter has left this moving tribute on our blog below:
markfour says: "After suffering a stroke and finding myself slowly going brain dead my son in law introduced me to Apple. Now at the age of 74 I am on to my fifth computer, third Nikon camera and alive as I can be at 74. Thanks to Steve and all at Apple and Nikon."

07:31 Apple fans in Hong Kong are laying flowers in memory of Jobs at the company's recently opened store in the city.
While Candles, flowers, and an iPhone with Steve Jobs photo displayed outside the Apple Store at West 66th Street in New York.


07:26 Telegraph reporter Donna Bowater has created this interactive graphic on Job's career.

07:22 Our Digital Media Editor, Emma Barnett, has tweeted her thoughts:
@emmabarnett Steve Jobs contributed more to the way we listen to music, watch movies & communicate with our friends than most people ever realise. The iPod generation's engimatic creator has gone #apple

07:18 In addition to his work at Apple, Steve Jobs was also a member of Disney’s board and its largest shareholder, thanks to the sale of Pixar to the Mouse house in January 2006.

Bob Iger, CEO and president of Disney, released a statement expressing his thoughts and sadness on the passing of Steve Jobs.
Steve Jobs was a great friend as well as a trusted advisor. His legacy will extend far beyond the products he created or the businesses he built. It will be the millions of people he inspired, the lives he changed, and the culture he defined. Steve was such an “original,” with a thoroughly creative, imaginative mind that defined an era. Despite all he accomplished, it feels like he was just getting started. With his passing the world has lost a rare original, Disney has lost a member of our family, and I have lost a great friend. Our thoughts and prayers are with his wife Laurene and his children during this difficult time.

Steven Spielberg, one of the founders of Pixar rival DreamWorks Animation, has released the following statement:
“Steve Jobs was the greatest inventor since Thomas Edison. He put the world at our fingertips.”
07:10 Lance Ulanoff, the chief editor of technology website Mashable, says the news of Jobs' death felt like a slap in the face.
There it was: On Twitter. In my email. On a phone call. Steve Jobs, the tech industry’s one true icon, was gone — taken from us far too soon, at the age of 56.
Say what you will about the dynamic maverick who built and rebuilt Apple over the course of four decades, but Steve Jobs was a visionary. A maker of things. A doer who intimately understood the excitement of a new product. How the interchange of 1s and 0s could produce a sublime piece of software. Steve Jobs got all this. We admired him for it. Some loved him for it. None of us will forget him for it.

07:04 Richard Blackden, our Wall Street correspondent, asks "Where will we find the next Steve Jobs?"
'Where will we find another one,' Steve Wozniak asked of the man he co-founded Apple with 35 years ago.
Jobs is among a handful of people who have built companies that both reinvent industries and change the wider world. Here in the US Thomas Edison and Henry Ford are others. Wozniak added that no one could have predicted the success of Apple, which he and Jobs established in a garage in Los Altos, California, at a time of great political and economic uncertainty.

07:00 US President Barack Obama President Barack Obama also paid tribute to Jobs in a statement, saying "the world has lost a visionary".
Steve was among the greatest of American innovators - brave enough to think differently, bold enough to believe he could change the world, and talented enough to do it.
He transformed our lives, redefined entire industries, and achieved one of the rarest feats in human history: he changed the way each of us sees the world.
The world has lost a visionary. And there may be no greater tribute to Steve's success than the fact that much of the world learned of his passing on a device he invented.


06:40 During an address to Stanford University in 2005, Jobs profoundly said: "Death is the destination we all share. ... It clears out the old to make way for the new." You can watch that speech here:

06:34 Even competitors, who watched as Apple's sales took off over the past decade, have posted messages of admiration:

Mike Lazaridis and Jim Balsillie, co-CEOs of Blackberry-maker Research in Motion: "Steve Jobs was a great visionary and a respected competitor."

Dell Inc. founder and CEO Michael Dell: "Today the world lost a visionary leader, the technology industry lost an iconic legend and I lost a friend and fellow founder."

Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates: "For those of us lucky enough to get to work with Steve, it's been an insanely great honor. I will miss Steve immensely."

06:32 Marks of respect have started to flow from around the world. "iSad" is now a trending topic on Twitter. While Mac Users Group Mexico released a statement that concluded, "Let's breathe deeply and say VIVA STEVE JOBS!"

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'Steve was among the greatest of American innovators - brave enough to think differently, bold enough to  believe he could change the world, and talented enough to do it. 'By building one of the planet’s most successful companies from his garage, he exemplified the spirit  of American ingenuity. By making computers personal and putting the internet in our pockets, he made the  information revolution not only accessible, but intuitive and fun. And by turning his talents to storytelling, he has brought joy  to millions of children and grown-ups alike.  'Steve was fond of saying that he lived every day like it was his last. Because he did, he transformed our lives,  redefined entire industries, and achieved one of the rarest feats in human history: he changed the way  each of us sees the world. 'The world has lost a visionary. And there may be no greater tribute to Steve’s success than the fact that much  of the world learned of his passing on a device he invented. Michelle and I send our thoughts and prayers to Steve’s wife Laurene,  his family, and all those who loved him.' 'MOLA AMLAZE MAHALI PEMA PEPONI...AMIN'